Showing posts with label Vilkaviškis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Vilkaviškis. Show all posts

Monday, 6 June 2022

Moses Rosenberg (1852 - 1915)

Moses Rosenberg is my maternal 1st cousin 4x removed. Rosenberg family tree Here

Parents: Abraham Rosenberg and Rachel

Born: 1852 in Valkevish, Suwalki Province, Russia (now Vilkaviškis in south-western Lithuania)

Hebrew name: Moshe, son of Avraham

Migration: Moses came to England with his family in 1874 (age 22)

Married: 
  • Leah in Russia about 1872. She died on 1 March 1892
  • Julia Joseph in Manchester on 21 December 1892 when age 40

Children
Their first child was born in 1872 when Moses was 20 and Leah 19. Their last child was born in 1888 when Moses was 36 and Leah 39

Occupation: Cap manufacturer

Census details
1881
The family is at 39 Cliff Street, Manchester, England. Moses is a cap maker, age 28 and Leah is listed as 27, both born in Poland. The children are listed as Betsy age 9 and Abraham age 7, both born in Poland and Joseph age 5, Rachel age 3 and Philip age 1 all born in Manchester. Living with the family are Max and Minnie Mendelsohn. He is 24 and she is 22. His occupation is a traveller and they are both born in Poland. They may have been lodgers and / or relatives


1891
The family is at 32 Elizabeth Street, Cheetham, Manchester, England. Moses is still a cap manufacturer age 40 and Leah is listed as 39, both born in Russia, Poland. Betsey is age 19 and a cap maker, Abraham is age 18 and a cap clerk, Joseph is age 15 and a cap traveller, Rachel is age 14, Ephraim is 9, Annie is 4 and Lena is 3.



1901
The family is now at 84 Elizabeth Street, Cheetham, Manchester, England and Moses is the owner of the house. He is still a cap manufacturer age 49, born in Russia but now a naturalized British subject. His wife, Julia is age 49 and born in Liverpool (his first wife, Leah, died of influenza in 1892). Ephraim is age 19 and a clerk in the business, Annie is 14 and Lena is 12, all born in Manchester. They have a general servant living with them, Susan Hellegher age 23 from County Cavan, Ireland


1911
The family is now at 29 Chesterfield Road, Blackpool, England. Moses is still a cap manufacturer age 60, born in Russia and a naturalized British subject. His wife, Julia is age 64 and born in Liverpool. Lena is 21, born in Manchester. 



Naturalization
Moses Rosenberg became a naturalized British subject on 18 October 1890




Death
21 December 1915 at 54 Windsor Road, Southport, Lancashire, England (the home of his daughter Lena), at 64 years of age. Buried in the Urmston Jewish Cemetery, Urmston, Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England

Tombstone for Moses Rosenberg. His age is given as 64 years. Moshe, son of Avraham. "Deeply mourned by his sons and daughters. M.H.D.S.R.I.P." Hebrew inscription "
Here [lies] buried / Moshe son of Avraham Abba. Moshe, trusted Treasurer [of a synagogue], here rests / sons and daughters seven he l
eft / the evil death wished to pluck him / to his Maker his soul is returned / in the way of the Lord he instructed his children / and forever shall his love not be forgotten / died on the third day of the week, 14th Tevet [5]676 [= Tuesday, December 21st 1915 as appears on the gravestone] / may his soul be bound in the bond of [eternal] life." 

The text that follows on is an acrostic of the deceased's name. Some of the letters "involved" are still visibly marked with a dot; unfortunately time has taken its toll in this respect. The first word of the first horizontal line is משה Moshe. The next line starts with בנ, son of, the first two letters of בנים. Line 3 provides [אב[ה] ר[ע המ[ות – i.e. his father's first given name Avraham אב-ר-הם. Finally, his second given name אבא is constructed using the first א letter of line 4 and the very-clearly dotted א of אל on the next line. Which of the two letters ב that are sandwiched between these two alefs that were once clearly marked, is now unknown.The text also rhymes and that in order to do so it invokes highly-poetic, grammatical constructions hardly ever used in daily writing and certainly not in speech. Translation provided by members of Tracing the Tribe - Jewish Genealogy on Facebook Group

Obituary
ROSENBERG. On the 21st of December, at 54, Windsor-road, Southport, "Moses" Rosenberg (late of Manchester), in his 64th year. Deeply mourned by his sorrowing, wile and children, Mrs. Jackson, 6, Slade-lane, Longsight, Abraham Rosenberg, "Oakdene, Wellington street East, Higher Broughton, Ephraim Rosenberg, 18, Fort-road, Sedgley Park, Prestwich, Mrs. Kauffman, 15, Devonshire street, Ardwick, Manchester, Mrs. Yewdall, 12, Lovell street, North street, Leeds, Lena Rosenberg, 54, Windsor road, Southport, Joseph Rosenberg, Imperial Hotel, Russell-square, London, W.C.; also by sons-in-law, daughters-in-law, grandchildren, and large circle of friends. Jewish Chronicle 31 December 1915. 

Mrs Jackson is his daughter Betsy, Mrs Kaufman is his daughter Annie and Mrs Yewdell is his daughter Rachel

Another old Manchester communal worker has passed away in the person of Mr. Moses Rosenberg, who died on the 21st inst. The deceased, who was in his sixty-fourth year, came from Russia a little over forty years ago, and up to a couple of years ago he had resided in Manchester. He was an active member of the Central Synagogue and the Burial Board, and one of the Council of Founders. He had also held the office of Treasurer to the congregation for a period of thirteen years, and on his retirement some few years ago he was presented with a handsomely illuminated address by the members. In failing health, he recently took up his residence in Southport but continued to be a keen supporter of the Central Synagogue. Mr. Rosenberg was also one of the founders of the New Synagogue and Beth Hamidrash and a staunch supporter of the old orthodox school. The body was conveyed to Manchester for internment. On the way to the Urmston Cemetery a halt was made at the Central Synagogue. The coffin was placed in the hall of the Synagogue, where a large gathering had assembled to pay their last tribute of respect to the deceased. Rabbi Levin delivered a Hesped. At the graveside, Rabbi I. J. Yoffey and the Rev. M. M. Cohen made touching reference to the loss the community and his widow and family had sustained. The burial service was recited by the Rev. M. S. Boyarsky. Jewish Chronicle 31 December 1915

Probate
Re MOSES ROSENBERG, Deceased. Pursuant to the Law of Property Amendment Act, 1859. NOTICE is hereby given, that all creditors and other persons having any claims or demands against the estate of Moses Rosenberg, late of 29, Chesterfield-road, Blackpool, in the county of Lancaster, Cap Manufacturer and Waterproof Garment Maker, deceased (who died on the 21st day of December, 1915, and whose will and codicil was proved in the Principal Registry of the Probate Division of His Majesty's High Court of Justice, on the 5th day of April, 1916, by Albert Yewdall and Asher Baum, the executors named in the said will, and Hyman Moses, the executor named in the said codicil), are hereby required to send the particulars, in writing, of their claims to us, the undersigned, the Solicitors for the said executors, on or before the 4th day of December next, after which date the said executors will proceed to distribute the assets of the said deceased amongst the persons entitled thereto, having regard only to the claims of which they shall then have had notice; and they will not be liable for the assets of the said deceased, or any part thereof, so distributed, to any person of whose claims or demands they shall not then have had notice, Dated this 31st day of October, 1916. GARDNER, SON and GARNER, 1s, Cooper street, Manchester, Solicitors for the Executors.

Moses Rosenberg Probate 5 April 1916. The value of his effects was £8,284 2s 1d. His executors were Albert Yewdell, Asher Baum and Hyman Moses

Documents
A business partnership Moses was involved in. The London Gazette 22 December 1891, p. 7095

Moses Rosenberg and his cap manufacturing business. The London Gazette 13 March 1900 p.1744

Moses Rosenberg and the Swiss Arcade in Blackpool. The London Gazette 24 November 1911, p. 8916

Place of Birth
Moses Rosenberg was born in Vilkaviškis in south-western Lithuania

It is a city in southwestern Lithuania. It is located 25 km (16 mi) northwest from Marijampolė, on a bank of Šeimena River. The city got its name from the Vilkauja River, a tributary to Šeimena. Until 1941 the city had a large Jewish Community which was annihilated by the Nazis and their local collaborators. The whole Jewish population was killed in a single day after the entry of the Germans into the city.

The town was granted city rights in 1670 by the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Jan Kazimierz, which was one of the first times such privileges were granted to a place in Lithuania. The coat of arms of the town was most likely borrowed from the Pac family, as the owner of the village at the time, Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac, was also the Chancellor of Lithuania.

It remained in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795 when, in the First Partition of Poland it became part of Kingdom of Prussia (the region in which the town is located was split between Prussia and Russia) until 1807. At this time the town was incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw and merged into the Białystok region. After Napoleon's defeat in 1815 the region switched hands again and became part of Russia, and then Congress Poland, as part of the Augustów, and later Suwałki, district.

According to tradition, Jews were living in this area in the 14th century and a synagogue was built at the beginning of the 16th. By the 19th century a flourishing Jewish community had developed. Between 1823 and 1862 no new Jews were permitted to settle in Vilkaviškis, which was near the border with Germany, under the czarist legislation restricting Jewish settlement in border towns. Nevertheless, the community numbered 4,417 in 1856 (as against 834 Christians), 3,480 in 1897 (60% of the total population), 3,206 in 1923 (44%), and 3,609 in 1939 (45%). The majority were occupied in commerce and crafts. Some derived their livelihood from agriculture and garden plots close to the town. The sizable brushmaking industry in Vilkaviškis was predominantly Jewish and employed hundreds of Jewish workers.

Synagogue in Vilkaviškis

Residences
In the 1881 census the family were at 39 Clift Street, Manchester


In the 1891 census the family were at 32 Elizabeth Street, Cheetham, Manchester


By the 1901 census the family had moved down the road to 84 Elizabeth Street, Cheetham, Manchester


In the 1911 census the family had moved 29 Chesterfield Road, Blackpool, England

At the time of his death Moses was at the home of his daughter Lena at 54 Windsor Road, Southport, Lancashire, England

Saturday, 4 June 2022

Abraham Rosenberg

Abraham Rosenberg is my 3x great uncle. Rosenberg family tree Here

Parents: Samuel Rosenberg and Leah

Born: Unknown date in Valkevish, Suwalki Province, Russia (now Vilkaviškis in south-western Lithuania)

Hebrew name: Avraham 

Married: Rachel in Russia some time before 1851

Children
Death
Some time before 1875 in Valkevish, Suwalki Province, Russia (now Vilkaviškis in south-western Lithuania)

Place of Birth
Abraham Rosenberg was born Vilkaviškis in south-western Lithuania

It is a city in southwestern Lithuania. It is located 25 km (16 mi) northwest from Marijampolė, on a bank of Šeimena River. The city got its name from the Vilkauja River, a tributary to Šeimena. Until 1941 the city had a large Jewish Community which was annihilated by the Nazis and their local collaborators. The whole Jewish population was killed in a single day after the entry of the Germans into the city.

The town was granted city rights in 1670 by the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Jan Kazimierz, which was one of the first times such privileges were granted to a place in Lithuania. The coat of arms of the town was most likely borrowed from the Pac family, as the owner of the village at the time, Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac, was also the Chancellor of Lithuania.

It remained in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795 when, in the First Partition of Poland it became part of Kingdom of Prussia (the region in which the town is located was split between Prussia and Russia) until 1807. At this time the town was incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw and merged into the Białystok region. After Napoleon's defeat in 1815 the region switched hands again and became part of Russia, and then Congress Poland, as part of the Augustów, and later Suwałki, district.

According to tradition, Jews were living in this area in the 14th century and a synagogue was built at the beginning of the 16th. By the 19th century a flourishing Jewish community had developed. Between 1823 and 1862 no new Jews were permitted to settle in Vilkaviškis, which was near the border with Germany, under the czarist legislation restricting Jewish settlement in border towns. Nevertheless, the community numbered 4,417 in 1856 (as against 834 Christians), 3,480 in 1897 (60% of the total population), 3,206 in 1923 (44%), and 3,609 in 1939 (45%). The majority were occupied in commerce and crafts. Some derived their livelihood from agriculture and garden plots close to the town. The sizable brushmaking industry in Vilkaviškis was predominantly Jewish and employed hundreds of Jewish workers.

Synagogue in Vilkaviškis

Monday, 30 May 2022

Harris Rosenberg (1830 - 1897)

Harris Rosenberg is my maternal 3x great grandfather. Rosenberg family tree Here

Parents: Samuel Rosenberg (? - bef 1882) and Leah (? - bef 1885)

Born: 1830 in 
Valkevish, Suwalki Province, Russia (now Vilkaviškis in south-western Lithuania)

Hebrew name: Tzvi (Hirsh), son of Shmuel

Migration: Harris came to England with his family some time between 1872 and 1877 (age 42 to 47)

Married: Toby in Russia some time before 1856

Children
Their first child was born in 1856 when Harris was 26 and Toby 25. Their last child was born in 1872 when Harris was 42 and Toby 45
On his 1892 naturalization certificate it is stated that he has four children

Occupation: Grocer and baker, in partnership with his son-in-law, Asher Baum

Census details
1881
The family is at 5 Fernie St., Manchester, England. Harris is a grocer, age 51 and Toby is listed as 50 but was actually 54. The children, all born in Poland Russia, are given as Minnie age 23, Rose age 15 and Rachael age 9. The family shared the house with Harris's married daughter Minnie Baum (Nee Rosenberg) and her husband Asher Baum and their two children Annie age 3 and Jane age 1


1891
The family is still at 5 Fernie St., Manchester, England. Harris is still a grocer, age 61 and Toby is now 64. Living with them is their son-in-law Sam Levy age 20, a grocer and his wife Rachael Levy (Nee Rosenberg) age 19. The two eldest children, Minnie and Rose, are no longer living at home


Naturalization
Harris Rosenberg became a naturalized British subject on 14 March 1892

Harris Rosenberg naturalization certificate 14 March 1892, p. 1

Harris Rosenberg naturalization certificate 14 March 1892, p. 2

Harris Rosenberg naturalization notice 14 March 1892. The London Gazette, 1 April 1892, p. 1934

Death
21 July 1897 at 20 Whitfield Street, Cheetham, Manchester, England at 67 years of age. Buried in the Urmston Jewish Cemetery, Urmston, Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England

Death certificate for Harris Rosenberg. Cause of death was cancer of the stomach. Present at the death was his grandson Abraham Rosenberg (Abraham Rosenberg [1874 - 1944] was actually his great nephew!)

Tombstone inscription: In loving memory of Harris Rosenberg. Died Tamuz 22nd 5657 aged 67 years. Departed from his wife and children. R.I.P.

Hebrew Translation: Tzvi, son of Shmuel. acrostic:
Charity in secret his hand gave from the hole (reference to Song of songs chap 5 verse 4)
Dark and needy houses in his righteousness saw light
His hands were steadfast till his strength ran out
At the age of 67 came the end of his years
He pursued peace, and from honor distanced (himself)
Observed the mitzvot, then his heart yearned for God.
May his soul be bound in the bond of life (abbrev.)

Will

This is the last Will and Testament of me Harris Rosenberg of 20 Whitfield Street, Cheetham, Manchester in the county of Lancaster. Out of business I appoint Asher Baum and Moses Rosenberg (hereafter called my Trustees) to be the Executors and Trustees of this may will I direct may said trustees to pay and discharge all my just debts funeral and testamentary expenses as soon as conveniently after my decease. I give all my share and interest in the business lately carried on by me us co-partnership with Asher Baum under the style of the standard Private Advance Company to the said Asher Baum absolutely I give all the next residue and remainder of any property whatsoever and wheresoever unto my wife Tobe Rosenberg absolutely. In witness whereof I have here unto set my hand this twentieth day of July one thousand eight hundred and ninety seven.

Signed by the said Harris Rosenberg as his last will and testament in the presence of us both being present at the same time who in his presence and in the presence of each other have here unto subscribed our names, as witnesses the same having been just read over to the said Harris Rosenberg in our presence who appeared perfectly to understand the same and being unable to write made his mark hereto also in our presence.

James Brooke Garner

Percy Hodeu

Clerks with Messrs Gardner & Son solicitors Manchester

On the 28 day of August 1914 Probate of this Will was granted at Manchester to Asher Baum and Moves Rosenberg the Executors
Certified to be a correct copy
---------------------------------

Last will and testament of Harris Rosenberg dated 20 July 1897. His executors are his son-in-law Asher Baum and his nephew Moses Rosenberg. His share of the grocery business jointly owned by him and Asher is given to his son-in-law and everything else to his wife Tolbe.

Probate


Harris Rosenberg Probate 28 August 1914. He left a will and the value of his estate was £91 gross. It is not known why it took 17 years to be proved. The administration of the estate was granted to his son-in-law Asher Baum and his nephew Moses Rosenberg

Place of Birth
Harris Rosenberg was born Vilkaviškis in south-western Lithuania

It is a city in southwestern Lithuania. It is located 25 km (16 mi) northwest from Marijampolė, on a bank of Šeimena River. The city got its name from the Vilkauja River, a tributary to Šeimena. Until 1941 the city had a large Jewish Community which was annihilated by the Nazis and their local collaborators. The whole Jewish population was killed in a single day after the entry of the Germans into the city.

The town was granted city rights in 1670 by the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Jan Kazimierz, which was one of the first times such privileges were granted to a place in Lithuania. The coat of arms of the town was most likely borrowed from the Pac family, as the owner of the village at the time, Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac, was also the Chancellor of Lithuania.

It remained in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795 when, in the First Partition of Poland it became part of Kingdom of Prussia (the region in which the town is located was split between Prussia and Russia) until 1807. At this time the town was incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw and merged into the Białystok region. After Napoleon's defeat in 1815 the region switched hands again and became part of Russia, and then Congress Poland, as part of the Augustów, and later Suwałki, district.

According to tradition, Jews were living in this area in the 14th century and a synagogue was built at the beginning of the 16th. By the 19th century a flourishing Jewish community had developed. Between 1823 and 1862 no new Jews were permitted to settle in Vilkaviškis, which was near the border with Germany, under the czarist legislation restricting Jewish settlement in border towns. Nevertheless, the community numbered 4,417 in 1856 (as against 834 Christians), 3,480 in 1897 (60% of the total population), 3,206 in 1923 (44%), and 3,609 in 1939 (45%). The majority were occupied in commerce and crafts. Some derived their livelihood from agriculture and garden plots close to the town. The sizable brushmaking industry in Vilkaviškis was predominantly Jewish and employed hundreds of Jewish workers.

Synagogue in Vilkaviškis

Residences
The building at 5 Fernie Street, Manchester, where Harris and his family lived appears to be no longer in existence. 


Harris was living at 20 Whitfield Street, Cheetham Hill, Manchester at the time of his death. It appears to be a light industrial area today. It is hard to tell if the building itself has survived.

Tuesday, 24 May 2022

Minnie Rosenberg (1856 - 1929)

Minnie Rosenberg is my maternal 2x great grandmother. On her eldests daughter's birth certificate her name is given as Yetta. Baum family tree HereRosenberg family tree Here

Parents
: Harris Rosenberg and Toby (Taube)

Born: October 1856 in Kovno, Russian Empire, now Kaunas, Lithuania

Hebrew name: Ita Michla daughter of Tzvi (Hirsh)

Migration: Minnie came with her family to England as a teenager sometime between 1872 and 1876 (age 16 to 20 years)

Married: Asher Baum on 3 January 1877 in Prestwich, Manchester, England. Minnie was 20 and Asher was 21

Asher Baum and Minnie Rosenberg marriage certificate on 3 January 1877 at the great synagogue in the district of Prestwich, Manchester, England. Both Asher and Minnie are listed as residing in 4 Faulk Street, Cheetham, presumably with with her parents. His occupation is listed as a macintosh maker and hers as a cap maker. He is 21 and she is 20

Children
Their first child was born in 1878 when Asher was 23 and Minnie 21. Their last child was born in 1899 when Asher was 44 and Minnie 42
Abraham and Rachel werte twins. In the 1911 census it is recorded that Asher and Minnie had a total of 9 children born alive and that five were still living

Census details
1881
The family is at 5 Fernie St., Manchester, England. Asher is a grocer, age 28 and Minnie is 23. The children, all born in England, are given as Annie age 3 and Jane age 1. The family lived in the house of Minnie's parents, Harris Rosenberg, age 51, from Poland, also a grocer, his wife Toby, age 50, born in Poland and their two younger Polish born children, Rose, age 15 and Rachael, age 9


1891
The family is at 46 Lord Street, Cheetham Hill, Prestwich, Manchester and Asher is a provision dealer age 36. Minnie is 32 and her place of birth is listed as Poland, Annie is 13, Jane is 10, Fanny is 5 and both Abraham and Rachel are 1. They have two servants, Sarah Markus age 19 from Russia and Ellen Brown age 21 from Ireland


1901
The family is still at 46 Lord Street, Cheetham Hill, Prestwich, Manchester. Asher is still a grocer / baker / shopkeeper and both he and Minnie are now naturalised British subjects. Living with them is Jane age 20, Fanny age 15, Abraham, age 11, Rachel age 11 and Harold age 1


1911
The family is still at 46 Lord Street, Cheetham Hill, Prestwich, Manchester and Asher is still a grocer, age 56. Minnie is age 54 with her place of birth listed as Valkevish, Russia 
(now Vilkaviškis in south-western Lithuania); Fanny age 25, Rachael age 21 and Abraham age 21 (who has signed the document)


1921
The family is still at 46 Lord Street, Cheetham, Manchester. Minnie is now a widow, age 64 years and 8 months with her place of birth listed as Kovno, Russia, (now Kaunas, Lithuania). She is running the grocery business. Fanny is age 36, single and also working in the grocery store as is Rachael (spelt Raie) age 31. Abe A Baum is age 31 and is a woolen cloth merchant. The house has five rooms. The census was conducted on the 19th June 1921 which gives Minnie's date of birth as approximately October 1856



Death
14 February 1929 in Salford, Manchester, England at 72 years of age. Buried in the Urmston Jewish Cemetery, Urmston, Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England

Death certificate for Minnie Baum. Cause of death was cardiac failure, bronchitis and influenza. Present at her death was her son-in-law Abraham Goorney

Tombstone for Minnie Baum (Nee Rosenberg). Her age is given as 72 years. "A beautiful memory left behind". Hebrew translation "Here lies our dear and pleasant mother Ita Michla daughter of the late Mr. Zvi, remembered for her deeds which remain after her, firm in her paths and shining in her words, 72 years old, she departed to the sorrow of her son and her daughters on the fourth day of First Adar 5689. Abbreviation: May her soul be bound up in the bond of life."

Probate
Minnie Baum (Nee Rosenberg) Probate 6 June 1930. At the time of her death she was residing at 428 Great Cheetham Street in Salford, Manchester. She died intestate and her beneficiaries were her two daughters, Fanny Goorney and Hannah Levin. The value of her estate was £831-1-3 gross and £683-7-1 net

Pictures
Minnie Baum (Nee Rosenberg)

Asher and Minnie Baum (Nee Rosenberg) in Manchester around 1893 with their children. Left to Right, Rachel Baum, Asher Baum (seated), Hannah Baum (standing), Fanny Baum, Minnie Baum (seated), Jeanne Baum (standing), Abraham Baum

Documents
A letter on the company letterhead to the Ministry of Labour dated 15 December 1918 in which Minnie vouches that her son Abraham is an employee: "was in my employment before August 1914, and that I am prepared to offer him employment as - Baker, to manage the whole business immediately on his return to civil life."

Place of Birth
Minnie Rosenberg was born Kaunas in Lithuania

KAUNAS is situated at the confluence of the rivers Viliya and Neman. Formerly in Poland-Lithuania, it passed to Russia in 1795, was occupied by Germany in World War I (1915–18), and became capital of the independent Lithuanian Republic from 1920 to 1939. In World War II it was under Soviet rule from June 1940 to June 1941 and subsequently under Nazi occupation to July 1944. 

Jews took part in the trade between Kaunas and Danzig in the 16th century. Their competition aroused opposition from the Christian merchants, and through their influence Jews were prohibited from Kaunas on numerous occasions. However, the ban was not strictly enforced, and gradually a small group of Jews settled in Kaunas. The ban was renewed in 1682, and Jews were not permitted to settle in Kaunas and engage in trade until the 18th century when they were permitted to reside in two streets. In 1753 they were expelled from land belonging to the municipality. The Jews were again expelled in 1761, when there were anti-Jewish riots. They found refuge in the suburb of *Slobodka (Vilijampole) on the other side of the River Viliya, where a Jewish settlement had existed long before that of Kaunas. In 1782 the expelled Jews were permitted to return to Kaunas.

After the partition of Poland in 1795 Kaunas became part of Russia. In 1797 the Christians in Kaunas again demanded the expulsion of the Jews, but the authorities in 1798 ordered that they should be left alone, and not be prevented from engaging in commerce and crafts. Restrictions on Jewish settlement there were again introduced in 1845 but abolished in 1858. The Jewish population increased as the town expanded. There were 2,013 Jews living in Kovno (Kaunas) and Slobodka in 1847; 16,540 in 1864; 25,441 in 1897 (30% of the total population); and 32,628 in 1908 (40%).

From the second half of the 19th century, Kovno became a center of Jewish cultural activity in Lithuania. Prominent there were Isaac Elhanan Spektor (the "Kovner Rav,"; officiated 1864–96), Abraham Mapu, one of the first modern Hebrew writers, and the literary critic Ba'al Makhshoves (Israel Isidor Elyashev). The yeshivot of Slobodka became celebrated, in particular the Or Ḥayyim yeshivah, founded by Ẓevi Levitan about 1863, which attracted students from other countries. It was headed by noted scholars. Nathan Ẓevi Finkel introduced*musar ideals there; from 1881 it was known as the Slobodka yeshivah. Subsequently there was opposition among the students to the musar method, and in 1897 the yeshivah was divided into two: the followers of musar established the Knesset Israel yeshivah, named after Israel Lipkin (Salanter), while its opponents founded the Knesset Bet Yiẓḥak yeshivah, named after Isaac Elhanan Spektor. In May 1869 a conference was convened at Kovno to help Jewish refugees from northwestern Russia where the failure of the crops had led to famine and an outbreak of typhus. Another was held in November 1909 to work out a proposal for a law to establish Jewish community councils in Russia. The Kovno community maintained numerous ḥadarim, schools, and libraries. It returned Jewish deputies to the first and second *Duma (L. Bramson and Sh. Abramson). The Jews in Kovno underwent many vicissitudes during World War I. In May 1915 an edict was issued by the czarist government expelling the Jews from the entire province. When later the city was occupied by the Germans, about 9,000 Jews returned, and communal life was revived with the help of Jews in Germany. Many who had been expelled to the Russian interior returned after the 1917 Revolution.

Residences
The building Minnie and her family occupied at 46 Lord Street, Cheetham, Manchester no longer appears to exist. The building at 5 Fernie Street is also no longer in existence


428 Great Cheetham Street in Salford, Manchester where Minnie died in 1929.