Esther Reizel Levin (1877 - 1921)

Esther Reizel Levin is my 2x great aunt. Levin family HERE. Glynn family HERE

Parents: Aaron Levin (1844 - 1910) and Gertrude

Tombstones for her father Aaron Levin and her step-mother Annie Isabella Levin (Nee Broude). They are both buried in the Rice Lane Cemetery, Liverpool, England

Born: March 1877 in Sislowitz, Grodno, Belarus

Hebrew name: Ester Reizel daughter of Aharon

Siblings

• Simon Bernard Levin (1869 - 1936) married Julia Rosenthal (1872 - 1957) in (July to September) 1896 in Leeds, England
• Jacob Levin (1873 - 1917) married Hannah Baum (1878 - 1938) on 27 February 1898 in Manchester, England
• Rachel Levin (1873 - 1952) married Jacob Morris (1870 - 1947) in (October - December) 1892 in Liverpool, England
• Sarah Ann Levin (1880 - 1953) married Leon Helfet (1877 - 1945) on 22 January 1905 in Cape Town, South Africa
• Leah Lilian Levin (1888 - 1972) married Harry Ark (1889 - 1966) on 4 September 1961 in Liverpool, England
• Abraham Levine (1891 - 1954) married Henrietta Glass (1892 - 1984) in (October - December) 1919 in Swansea, Wales

Migration: The family came to Liverpool, England in 1884 when Esther was about 7 years old

Naturalization:

Esther Levin, along with her family, became a naturalised British citizen in March 1893. The family were living at 93 Richmond Row, Liverpool, England at the time

Married: Simon Bernard Glynn in (January - March) 1898 in Liverpool, England. Simon was 23 and Esther 20

Children

Their first child was born in 1898 when Simon was 24 and Esther 21. Their last child was born in 1903 when Simon was 29 and Esther 26 

• Minnie Glynn 1896 - 1980
• Gertrude Glynn 1900 - 1901
• Freda Glynn 1901 - 1903
• Leah (Lily) Glynn 1903 - 1981

Esther and Simon's two daughters who reached adulthood, Lily (on left) and Minnie Glynn in around 1910

Census details

1891

The Levin family is at 88 Richmond Row, Liverpool, England. Esther's parents are Aaron age 48, a furniture broker and Isabella age 33. The children are Jacob, age 19, born in Russia and a draper, Rachel age 17 and a shopkeeper, Esther age 13, Sarah age 11, Leah age 4 and Abraham age 1 month, There are also 3 boarders; Isaac Broady age 48 and a commercial traveller (also a distant cousin of Isabella), Nap Finestone age 32, Judah Rapmorly age 26 and a sick nurse, Sarah Menca age 40

1901

Esther and Simon are married and the family are living at 79 Soho Street, Liverpool, England. Simon is age 26 and working at home on his own account as a clothier shop keeper. Esther is age 24 and their daughter Minnie is age 2

1911

The family are living in a 6 room house at 48 Erskine street, Liverpool, England. Simon is age 35 and a tailor's cutter working from home on his own account. Esther is age 34 and the two children, Minnie age 12 and Leah age 7 are both at school

1921

The family in the 1921 census taken on 21 June are living at 6 Cairns street, Liverpool, England. Simon is age 46 years and 9 months and a wholesale clothing manufacturer and merchant. He is an employer with his premises at 1 Islington Square, Liverpool. Esther is age 44 years and 3 months and the two children are Minnie age 22 years and 7 months and Lily age 17 years and 11 months. Also living with them is Elizabeth Brown, a domestic servant age 57 years and 4 months

Death

23 November 1921 in Liverpool, England at age 44 / 45 from a stroke. She is buried in the Rice Lane cemetery, Liverpool, England plot no c-17-01

Tombstone for Esther. In loving memory of Esther Glynn, who died 23rd November 1921, aged 45 years. Deeply mourned by her dear husband and daughters

Hebrew translation: Esther Reizel daughter of Aharon. First letter of each row makes it Ester R. Died on the 22 Marcheshvan (Cheshvan) 5682

Death certificate

Death certificate for Esther. She died on 23 November 1921 in her house at 6 Cairns street, Liverpool, England at age 45. Cause of death was heart disease and a stroke

Obituary

GLYNN.-On the 23rd of November, at 6, Cairns-street, Princes Park, Liverpool, after a long illness, Esther, the dearly beloved wife of Simon Glynn. Deeply mourned by her husband, daughters, Minnie and Lily, sisters, and brothers. (Jewish Chronicle, November 1921)

Place of Birth

Esther Levin was born in Sislowitz in the Grodno Province of Belarus

SVISLOCH (Pol. Swisłocz ), town in Grodno district, Belarus; within Poland before 1795 and between the two world wars. A number of Jews settled there at the beginning of the 18th century on the invitation of the owners of the locality, the princes of Tyszkiewicz. In 1752 the Council of Lithuania imposed a poll tax of 215 zlotys on the Svisloch community, which numbered 220 in 1766. Until the middle of the 19th century the Jews of Svisloch earned their livelihood mainly from trade in timber and grain, shopkeeping, and crafts; they later also engaged in innkeeping and the lease of public houses. After a great fire, in which most of the Jewish shops were destroyed, the fairs were no longer held in Svisloch and the Jews were deprived of their principal sources of livelihood. Around 1870 Jews began to pioneer in the tanning industry and improved methods of manufacture with the assistance of German experts whom they invited. By the end of the 19th century a number of tanneries had been established in Svisloch, which employed hundreds of workers. Many Jews from the surrounding areas went there in search of employment. As early as the middle of the 19th century Jewish craftsmen in Svisloch attempted to organize themselves into guilds. At the beginning of the 20th century the Bund Movement developed in Svisloch and it embraced the whole of the Jewish working populace (tanners, tailors, shoemakers, carpenters. smiths, and bakers), who organized strikes for the amelioration of working conditions in tanneries and factories. In 1905 the workers' organization was established for Jewish self-defense against pogroms.

Residences

In the 1891 census the family was listed as living at 88 Richmond Row, Liverpool, England and by the time they were naturalised in 1893 the family had moved to 93 Richmond Row. Both properties no longer exist

In the 1901 census Esther and Simon and their daughter Minnie are living at 79 Soho Street, Liverpool, England. The property no longer exists

In the 1911 census Esther and Simon and their children are living at 48 Erskine Street, Liverpool, England. The property no longer exists

In the 1921 census the family are living at 6 Cairns Street, Liverpool, England. Simon's factory at 1 Islington square, Liverpool no longer exists. Liverpool University now has a building on the site

Samuel Kroloff (1877 - 1960)

Samuel Kroloff, known as Sam, is the brother-in-law of Sarah Ann Levin, my 2x great aunt. The surname was originally Krulivetsky. Helfet family HERE

Parents: Jacob Kroloff (1841 - 1942) and Chia Leah (1846 - 1890)

Tombstone for his father Jacob Kroloff who is buried in the Mount Carmel Cemetery, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. His mother Chia Leah Kroloff died in Kapulye, Minsk, Belarus in 1890

Born: 15 March 1877 in Timkovichi, Minsk, Russian Empire, nowadays Tsimkavichy, Belarus (Belarusian: Цімкавічы, romanized: Cimkavičy; Russian: Тимковичи, romanized: Timkovichi). The date is as per his obituary and death certificate although his 1904 naturalization papers list him as being born in 1878, his World War 1 and 2 registration cards give him as being born in 1879 while his tombstone states 1875!

Hebrew name: Shmuel son of Yaacov

Occupation: Merchant and store owner

Migration: Sam came to the USA on 7 December 1895 when he was 18

Naturalization

Sam's naturalization card dated 24 October 1904. His address was given asd 89 Waller Street Chicago and he arrived in the USA in New York on 7 December 1895. His date of birth is given as 13 March 1878

Married: Sarah Helfet in Chicago, USA on 29 January 1905 when Sam was 27 and Sarah 20

Sarah and Samuel on their wedding day, 29 January 1905 in Chicago, USA

Children

Their first child was born in 1905 when Sam was 28 and Sarah 20. Their last child was born in 1915 when Sam was 37 and Sarah 30

• Archie Kroloff (1905 - 1964) married Florence Kauffman (1907 - 1992) on 13 March 1932
• Maxwell Nathan Kroloff (1908 - 1959) married Mary Goldstein (1909 - 2004) on 24 December 1933
• Ina Kroloff (1915 - 2003) married Irving Levich (1918 - 2006) on 3 November 1938

Census details

1910

In 1910 Sam and Sarah are living at 3a West 5th Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Samuel is 29 and a merchant in a retail store, Sarah is 24 and the children are Archie age 9 and Maxwell age 2. Living with them is a servant, Lena Christensen, age 16

1920

In 1920 the family are living at 1826 West 3rd Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Sam is 40 and a proprietor of a grocery store, Sarah is 34 and the children are Archie age 14, Maxwell age 11 and Ina age 4

1925

In 1925 the family are still living at 1926 West 3rd Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Sam is 48, Sarah is 39 and the children are Archie age 19, Maxwell age 17 and Ina age 10. Living with them is a servant, Emma Paczosa, age 16

1930

In 1930 the family are still living at 1926 West 3rd Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Sam is 52 and a manager of a grocery store, Sarah is 43 and the children are Archie age 24, Maxwell age 22 and Ina age 15. Living with them is a servant, Ruth Christenson, age 18

1940

Sam is age 63 and, following the death of his wife Sarah the previous year, is living with his daughter Ina, age 25 and her husband Irving Levich age 21 at 3335 Nebraska Street, Sioux City, Iowa. Ina and Irving were married on 3 November 1938. Sam's occupation is listed as a wholesale grocer

1950

Sam is age 76 and still living with his daughter Ina, age 35 and her husband Irving Levich age 31 as well as their children Stanley age 5 and Barton age 2, at 1617 W 14th Street, Sioux City, Iowa

World War 1 registration

Sam's World War 1 registration card

World War 2 registration

Sam's World War 2 registration card

Biographical information

Sam's brother-in law, Jacob Dobrofsky, wrote a detailed autobiography entitled "This is my Life", which includes information on Sam and his family and which is available HERE

Text supplied by George Kroloff

Death

2 February 1960 in Sioux City, Iowa, USA, age 82. Sam was buried in Mount Carmel Cemetery in Sioux City, Iowa on 3 February 1960

Tombstone for Sam Kroloff in the Mount Carmel cemetery, Sioux City, Iowa. Samuel Kroloff 1875 - 1960. Hebrew translation: Shmuel so of Yaacov, Passed 4th of Shvat, year 5,720

Death certificate

Sam's death certificate. Cause of death was cancer of the bladder

Obituary

SAMUEL KROLOFF

Samuel Kroloff, 82, 2815 Summit Street, died Tuesday at a Sioux City hospital.

Mr. Kroloff was born in Russia March 15, 1877. He came to the United States and New York in 1903. He moved to Sioux City in 1909 and had resided here since that time.

He operated a grocery at W. Third and Turner streets for 21 years and for several years operated the Kay Cookie Co., retiring in 1952.

Mr. Kroloff was a charter member of Shaare Zion synagogue and was a member of B'nai B'rith and the Golden Age club.

His wife Sarah died 21 years ago.

Survivors include a son, Archie of Chicago; a daughter, Mrs. Irving Levich of Sioux City; two brothers, E. Kroloft of Sioux Falls and Archie Kroloff of Des Moines; a sister, Mrs. Ida Herzoff of Beverly Hills, Cal., and six grandchildren.

Funeral services will be at 1 p. m. today at Shaare Zion synagogue. Rabbi Philip Silverstein and Cantor Felix Glatstein will officiate. Burial will be in Mount Carmel cemetery under the direction of the Rutledge funeral home. Sioux City Journal, 3 February1960

Place of Birth

Sam Kroloff was born in  Timkovichi, Minsk, Russian Empire, nowadays Tsimkavichy, Belarus (Belarusian: Цімкавічы, romanized: Cimkavičy; Russian: Тимковичи, romanized: Timkovichi). 

Timkovichi is a small village located in Belarus, in the Kopyl District of the Minsk Region. Here is an account of life there at the around the turn of the 20th century

Tymkowicz, my hometown, lies ten viorst (a measure slightly longer than a kilometer) from Kopulie. The majority of the population was Christian, but around 400 Jewish families lived there, forming a vibrant and industrious community. Among the Jews were prominent merchants, such as the Dworecki brothers, who engaged in large-scale trade, exporting eggs across Russia and abroad. The Pjolka brothers excelled as forest merchants. Two notable figures were the Dayan (rabbinic judge) Reb Avrohom Moishe Perlin and the scholar Areh Gershon Meyer’s Rockewycz, both of whom devoted themselves to Torah study day and night while their wives, Yudis Perlin and Soroh Rochel, managed their businesses.

Mordechai Mockewycz oversaw the Tymkowiczer estate's production of manufactured goods. Other prominent figures included Grunem and his wife Esther Rabinowycz, Polye Sodowski, Meyer Goldberg, and Velvel and Nachman Kiewicki, who were grain merchants. Leybel Michol’s family and others from the Sodowski lineage were also engaged in commerce.

Jewish residents traded extensively in livestock, particularly oxen, which were herded to Gorodaj (Zamiriya) for transport by train to foreign markets. The marketplace was bustling, with shops offering a wide variety of goods. Village residents visited twice weekly, on Sundays and Tuesdays, to sell their produce and purchase essentials such as farming tools, kerosene, tar, herring, sugar, and handmade goods.

Twice a year, large fairs filled Tymkowicz with activity, featuring the trade of horses, flax, linseed, and more. Merchants traveled from afar, and gypsies arrived with their swift, trained horses. Four times a week, the famous Slutsker "Oriol" wagon connected Tymkowicz to Zamiriya's train station, transporting goods in both directions. Local drivers, like the well-known Pulka, provided daily transport to Slutsk for passengers and cargo.

Jewish families in Tymkowicz also engaged in farming, working the fields, plowing, sowing, and harvesting. One of the most respected workers was Volf Yelin, who managed estate horses. The town offered inns for travelers and "clinics" for visiting peasants seeking medical care. Notable innkeepers included Areh Tzernogubowski, Shifrin, Fraide Chaya Leibes, and Fruma Tolyes-Kulakowski.

Tymkowicz boasted a provincial hospital with a Christian doctor and a rotating private doctor. Among them were Drs. Gersonowycz, Levinson, and Roginski. For specialized consultations, doctors like Slepian or Katzenelenboigen from Nesvyzh were called. The largest practice, however, was that of my father, Itche Kazhdan, of blessed memory. Known for his dedication, he treated peasants and aristocrats alike, often providing free medicine and assistance, even on Jewish holidays. He passed away in 1934 at age 70, followed by my mother, Taibe, that same year.

A fascinating tale surrounds Tymkowicz’s pharmacist, Cernomordik. It was rumored that Chekhov’s story At the Pharmacy was inspired by a visit to this very town, drawing on the pharmacist’s name and character.

The town was home to various trades: there were brewers, millers, and artisans, including coppersmiths, tailors, shoemakers, and furriers. These artisans served both Jewish and non-Jewish patrons, including local nobility.

One beloved figure was Reb Elye Yessil’s Gowiznianski, a businessman and community leader. He ensured the Beis Medrash was warm in winter, maintained the bathhouse, and supported orphans and poor brides. When he traveled to America for a year, townsfolk remarked that the absence of his generosity made weddings and funerals noticeably subdued.

Education thrived in Tymkowicz. Teachers like Reb Yosef Yudel, Reb Leizer, Reb Nochum Bruks, and Reb Shloime Perles left lasting impressions. Modern education also emerged, with Hebrew schools and a library founded by Nisel Kontor.

Tymkowicz had a rich spiritual life, including a misnagdishe shul, a Chassidic shtiebel, and a "cold" shul. While the Chassidic shtiebel lacked a regular minyan, it was overseen by figures like my father and Pole Sodowski.

In the summer of 1914, just before World War I, my husband Shimshon Nachmani and I left Tymkowicz for Israel.

Residences

According to the 1920 and 1930 census the family lived at 1926 West 3rd Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA

In 1939 when Sarah died they were living at 1405 West 6th Street, Sioux City, Iowa

In the 1940 census Sam is living with his daughter Ina and her husband Irving Levich at 3335 Nebraska Street, Sioux City, Iowa

In the 1950 census Sam is still living with his daughter Ina and her husband Irving Levich, but are now at 1617 W 14th Street, Sioux City, Iowa

Nellie Helfet (1877 - 1950)

Nellie Helfet is the sister-in-law of Sarah Ann Levin, my 2x great aunt. Helfet family HERE

Parents: Jacob Helfet (1849 - 1899) and Leah Cohen (1852 - 1898)

Tombstones for her parents Jacob Helfet and Leah Cohen. They are both buried in the Rice Lane Cemetery, Liverpool, England

Born: 26 December 1877 in Chernuch, Russian Empire, nowadays Chornukhy (Ukrainian: Чорнýхи; Russian: Чернýхи), a rural settlement in Lubny Raion, Poltava Oblast, central Ukraine

Hebrew name: Nisa daughter of Yaakov

Migration: The family came to Liverpool, England in 1892 when Nellie was 15 years old

Married: Hyman Hulman in Liverpool, England in (October - December) 1895 when Hyman was was 21 and Nellie almost 18

Children

Their first child was born in 1896 when Hyman was 22 and Nellie 18. Their last child was born in 1908 when Hyman was 33 and Nellie 30

• Max Hulman 1896 - 1901
• Leah Hulman 1898 - 1987. She married Leon Judah Franks (1895 - 1981) in 1924
• John Jacob (Jack) Hulman 1902 - 1984. He married Sarah Levy (1901 - 1988) in 1923
• Amelia (Millie) Hulman 1908 - 1995. She married Leslie Greenman (1903 - 1968) in 1930

A family photo apparently taken in Germany shortly before World War 1. Hyman Hulman is at back, with his wife Nellie in the centre and their daughter Amelia. The older couple are Hyman's parents, Joseph and Sarah Hulman. The young man at the back on the right-hand side is unknown

Census details

1901

The family is living at 87 St Anne Street, Liverpool, England. Hyman is age 27, a house furnisher and Nellie is age 26. The children are Max age 4 and Leah age 2. Boarding with them is Nellie's brother-in-law, Lazarus Goldsmith age 30 and Mary A Carr, a servant age 42 

1911

In 1911 the family are living at 31 Elizabeth Street, Liverpool, England in an 8 room tenament. Hyman is age 36 and a house furnisher working for himself. Nellie is age 34 and the children are Leah age 12, Jack age 8 and Amelia age 3. Living with them is Winifred Conley, a servant, age 19

1921

In 1921 the family are living at 1 Amberley Street, Liverpool, England in an 10 room house. Hyman is age 46 and a furniture dealer and shopkeeper. He lists his place of birth as Poltavia, Russia. Nellie is age 45, listed as being from Kovno, Russia and the children are Leah age 22, Jack age 18, a furniture salesman and Amelia age 13. Living with them is Emma Bradley, a servant, age 38. Amberley street no longer exists

1939 Register

The family are living at 17 Eaton Avenue, Rhyl, Wales. Hyman is a furniture dealer. Living with them is their daughter Millie and her son Barry

Electoral Register

In the 1939/40 electoral register the family are listed as living at 78 Canning Street, Liverpool, England

Travel

In 1913 Nellie and her daughter Amelia travelled to America aboard the Adriatic to visit family in Sioux City

In 1932 Nellie travelled to America aboard the Baltic to visit family in Sioux City. She returned on the Britannic

In May 1939 Hyman and Nellie travelled to America aboard the Carinthia to visit family in Sioux City

Entertainment this week honoring Mrs. H. Hulman of Liverpool, England, will include numerous family gatherings. She is a guest in the home of Mrs. S. Kroloff, 1405 W. Sixth street, where relatives were invited to an informal party Tuesday night. Mrs. Hulman is an aunt of Mrs. Kroloff. 

Tuesday, Mr. and Mrs. Hulman and Mrs. Abe Walensky of Min- neapolis were guests of Mrs. Irving Levich at luncheon and a matinee party. Mrs. Hulman will be honored today when Mrs. Nate Dobrofsky entertains her luncheon and bridge club.

J. Goldsmith will fete Mr. and Mrs. Hulman at a family party this evening. Mrs. Ben Dobrofsky is planning a similar gathering for Thursday. 

A dinner in the S. Dobrofsky home Friday evening and family picnic Sunday at Riverside park round out the weekend festivities in which Mr. and Mrs. Hulman will share.

Sioux City Journal 21 June 1939 p.  9

Death

29 September 1950, at age 72, in Liverpool, England. She was buried on 1 October 1950 in the Broadgreen Cemetery, Liverpool, England, plot no L 009.02

Liverpool Jewish Burial Record for Nellie Hulman

Tombstone inscription: Also Nellie Hulman, the beloved wife of the above who died the 29th September 1950, in her 73rd year. Deeply mourned by her children, daughter-in-law, sons-in-law, grandchildren and great grandchildren. May her dear soul rest in peace

Hebrew translation: Here is buried the lady Nisa the daughter of Mr. Yaakov. Died 19th of Tishrei, year תשיא. May her soul be bound with everlasting life

Funeral notice

HULMAN-Sept. 29. passed away peacefully at 6 Menlove Gardens North, Liverpool. NELLIE, the beloved wife of the late Hyman Hulman, dearly devoted mother of Jack, Leah Franks and Millie Greenman. Interment Broadgreen Cemetery, tomorrow (Sunday). Liverpool Echo Saturday, Sep 30, 1950

Probate

HULMAN Nellie of 6 Menlove-gardens North Liverpool 18, widow died 29 September 1950 Probate Liverpool 23 December 1950 to her son Jacob Hulman house furnisher. Effects £1,689 8s. 6d.

Place of Birth

Nellie Helfet was born in Chernuch, Russian Empire, nowadays Chornukhy (Ukrainian: Чорнýхи; Russian: Чернýхи), Chernich (Yiddish) and Chernuchi (German), a rural settlement in Lubny Raion, Poltava Oblast, central Ukraine.

Chornukhy

The earliest known Jewish community was by the end of the 18th century. In 1900 the Jewish population was 275 and in 1926 it was 366. Chornukhy was occupied by the Germans on September 17, 1941. During that month 132 Jews were shot by local police in the Chornukhy County park. The village was liberated by the Red Army on September 17, 1943. The present town population is 1,000-5,000 with fewer than 10 Jews.

Poltava Region
Jews began to settle in the region during the early 17th century in the process of Jewish participation in the colonization of Ukraine. By 1610 there was a Jewish community in Berezan (to the north of Pereyaslav), and within a few decades about a dozen Jewish communities were established in the districts of *Pereyaslav and Mirgorod, of which the largest were in Pereyaslav and *Lubny. Jews engaged in commerce and the leasing of estates, flour mills, liquor distilleries, breweries, and inns. There was strong competition from Christian towns-men, and during the *Chmielnicki massacres of 1648 these communities were among the first to be destroyed. After the region came under Russian rule Jews were not permitted to live there until the first partition of Poland in 1772. Individual Jewish families, however, settled in various estates under the protection of their owners despite frequent expulsions by the authorities.

After the first partition of Poland in 1772, Jewish settlement on the eastern bank of the river Dnieper was renewed, and by 1792 there were over 700 Jews in the region, most of whom lived on estates or in villages. In 1794 this region, which then formed part of the province of Yekaterinoslav, was incorporated within the *Pale of Settlement. In 1803 there were 82 Jewish merchants and 2,030 Jews classed as townsmen living in the province of Poltava, which was formed in 1802. The community of *Kremenchug was the largest in the district, and developed in particular owing to its position on the Dnieper, the main waterway from Lithuania to the south. It accounted in 1897 for 30% of the Jews in the province. In 1847, 15,572 Jews were counted in the 18 communities of the province (which also included the Jews in the small settlements and their environs). Their numbers increased as a result of a large emigration from Lithuania and Belorussia, and were estimated at 84,000 in 1881. The census of 1897 recorded 111,417 Jews (4% of the total population) in Poltava province (the lowest percentage of Jews in all the provinces of the Pale). The Russian-Ukrainian majority had a strong assimilationist influence on the Jews in the province, who were a minority in all the towns; it was only in Kremenchug that their numbers approached half the population. On the other hand, *Chabad Ḥasidism, which penetrated from the north, was an important spiritual influence (the tomb of *Shneur Zalman of Lyady, the founder of Chabad Ḥasidism, is in *Gadyach in Poltava province).

About one half of the Jews of the province of Poltava earned their livelihood from commerce (in contrast to 38.5% in the whole of Russia), and about 30 percent were engaged in crafts and industry. Commerce was principally conducted in grain and other agricultural produce. Although some Jews owned sawmills, brick-kilns, flour mills, alcohol distilleries, and other enterprises, the overwhelming majority of the workers in them were non-Jews. During the spring of 1881 pogroms occurred in the north of the province of Poltava. In 1905 a wave of pogroms swept across 52 settlements of the province. The most severely affected were Gadyach, Kremenchug, Romny, and Zolotonosha.

During World War I thousands of refugees and Jews expelled from the battle zone arrived in the province of Poltava and found refuge in the Jewish communities. During the Civil War, the communities of the western section of the province suffered especially from pogroms by bands of Ukrainians and the "volunteer army" of A.I. *Denikin. In 1926 there were approximately 93,000 Jews in the five districts (Kremenchug, Lubny, Poltava, Priluki, Romny) of the former territory of the province of Poltava.

Residences

In 1901 Nellie and her family at 87 St Anne Street, Liverpool, England. The property no longer exists

In 1939 the family are living at 17 Eaton Street, Rhyl, Wales

In 1940 the family are living at 78 Canning Street, Liverpool, England

In 1946 the family were living at 5 Knowsley Road, Southport, England