Rachel Levin (1873 - 1952)

Rachel Levin is my 2x great aunt. Levin family HERE. Morris family HERE

Parents: Aaron Levin (1844 - 1910) and Gertrude

Tombstones for her father Aaron Levin and her step-mother Annie Isabella Levin (Nee Broude). They are both buried in the Rice Lane Cemetery, Liverpool, England

Born: December 1873 in Sislowitz, Grodno, Belarus

Hebrew name:  Rochel daughter of Aharon HaLevi

Siblings

• Simon Bernard Levin (1869 - 1936) married Julia Rosenthal (1872 - 1957) in (July to September) 1896 in Leeds, England
• Jacob Levin (1873 - 1917) married Hannah Baum (1878 - 1938) on 27 February 1898 in Manchester, England
• Esther Reizel Levin (1877 - 1921) married Simon Bernard Glynn in (January - March) 1898 in Liverpool, England
• Sarah Ann Levin (1880 - 1953) married Leon Helfet (1877 - 1945) on 22 January 1905 in Cape Town, South Africa
• Leah Lilian Levin (1888 - 1972) married Harry Ark (1889 - 1966) on 4 September 1961 in Liverpool, England
• Abraham Levine (1891 - 1954) married Henrietta Glass (1892 - 1984) in (October - December) 1919 in Swansea, Wales

Migration: The family came to Liverpool, England in 1884 when Rachel was about 10 years old. Rachel and her family then settled in Palestine sometime in the early 1920s

Married: Jacob Morris in (October - December) 1892 in Liverpool, England. Jacob was 42 and Rachel 37

Rachel and Jacob Morris

Children

Their first child was born in 1893 when Jacob was 23 and Rachel 19. Their last child was born in 1912 when Jacob was 29 and Rachel 26 

• Eli Morris 1893 - 1956
• Gertrude (Gertie) Morris 1897 - 1948
• Isaac Morris 1898 - 1984
• Abraham (Abe) Morris 1901 - 1988
• Amelia (Millie) Morris 1903 - 1981
• Leah (Lily) Morris 1907 - 2001
• Minnie Morris 1912 - 1942

Census details

1891

The Levin family is at 88 Richmond Row, Liverpool, England. Rachel's parents are Aaron age 48, a furniture broker and Isabella age 33. The children are Jacob, age 19, born in Russia and a draper, Rachel age 17 and a shopkeeper, Esther age 13, Sarah age 11, Leah age 4 and Abraham age 1 month, There are also 3 boarders; Isaac Broady age 48 and a commercial traveller (also a distant cousin of Isabella), Nap Finestone age 32, Judah Rapmorly age 26 and a sick nurse, Sarah Menca age 40

1901

In 1901 Jacob and Rachel are married and living at 30 Fairclough Road, Liverpool, England. Jacob is 30, a butcher on his own account and working from home. Rachel is 26. The children are Elijah age 7, Gertrude age 4, Isaac age 2 and living with them is Jacob's sister Dinah age 27 and a machine knitter

1911

In 1911 the family is living at 29 Paddington Lane, Liverpool, England in a house with 5 living rooms. Jacob is 39 and still a butcher on his own account working from home but he is now also listed as a dealer, so maybe he is now in the wholesale trade? Rachel is 36 and the children are Elijah age 17 and a picture framer canvasser and enlargers, Gertrude age 14, Isaac age 12, Abraham age 9, Emelia age 7 and Leah age 3. The census return also lists one child who has died. I don't know their name but as they were not listed in the 1901 census they must have been born and died between 1893 (after their marriage in late 1892) and 1901 or 1901 and 1911. There is also a housemaid, Elizabeth Curran age 21

1921

In the 1921 census taken on 19 June 1921 the family is living in a house with eight rooms at 154 Grove Street, Liverpool, England. Jacob is age 50 years and two months and is now a draper on his own account operating from home. His place of birth is given as Panevezy, Kovno, Lithuania. Rachel is age 46 years and seven months and is listed as being born in Svisloch, Grodno. This gives her as being born in December 1873. The children are Eli age 27 and nine months and a draper on his own account operating from home, Abraham age 19 years and eight months and a wholesale boot warehouse assistant for H. Hyman leather factors, Amelia age 17 years and six months and Leah age 13 years and 7 months. Both Amelia and Leah are attending educational institutions

Photos

Rachel and Jacob Morris outside their home in Bat-Yam during the British Mandate of Palestine late 1930s

Rachel and Jacob Morris in their home in Bat-Yam during the British Mandate of Palestine late 1930s

Left to right: Shaul Hareli, his wife Lily and her parents Rachel and Jacob Morris, mid-1940s. Lily served as a secretary in the Administration of the British Mandate of Palestine. Shaul was a Professor of Hebrew Language and Literature in the Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion in New York, USA

Travel

In May 1948 Rachel and her daughter Gertrude travelled from Haifa, Palestine to Liverpool, England aboard the Samaria arriving on 23 May 1948. Her country of permanent residence is given as Palestine and her address in England is given as 1 Dudlow Gardens, Liverpool, England. Her age is given as 73 which means she was born in around 1874

Notes

Rachel was born with a withered right arm and was therefore paralysed in her right hand but she did everything in her home and was a wonderful baker and cook. Jacob would help her, baking bread and cream, salting the meat and turning on the Sabbath clock (his invention - an old alarm clock that the alarm button would turn and cause the wire to pull the circuit breaker). They lived in Jerusalem in the 1930s and then in Bat Yam from around 1938 onwards. After the death of her husband Jacob in November 1947, she went to live in Jerusalem. Prior to the end of the Mandate in Israel in May 1948, Rachel, along with her daughter Gertie, were evacuated by the British from Jerusalem to England. They lived in Liverpool and then moved to Southport - a seaside tourist town. After Gertie passed away in November 1948, Rachel moved to a nursing home in Southport. (From the autobiography of her grandson, David Morris). My mother remembers that even though she lived in Palestine for a couple of decades she never really mastered Hebrew!

Death

28 April 1952 in Southport, England age 77 from pulmonary oedema caused by a heart condition. She is buried in the Rice Lane Cemetery, Liverpool, England, plot no C-22-27

Death certificate for Rachel Morris

Tombstone for Rachel. "In loving memory of Rachel Morris who died 28th April 1952 - 3rd Iyar 5712 aged 77 years. Deeply mourned by her sorrowing sons and daughters. May her dear soul rest in peace

Hebrew translation: "Here is buried Mrs. Rachel, daughter of Aharon Halevi (The levite), the wife of late Yakov Menachem Morris"

Burial record for Rachel

Probate

MORRIS Rachel of Sandhurst Private Hotel Southport Lancashire widow died 28 April 1952 Administration Liverpool 2 August [1952] to Elisha Morris costumier and Isaac Morris university lecturer. Effects £950 7s. 8d.

Place of Birth

Rachel Levin was born in Sislowitz in the Grodno Province of Belarus

SVISLOCH (Pol. Swisłocz ), town in Grodno district, Belarus; within Poland before 1795 and between the two world wars. A number of Jews settled there at the beginning of the 18th century on the invitation of the owners of the locality, the princes of Tyszkiewicz. In 1752 the Council of Lithuania imposed a poll tax of 215 zlotys on the Svisloch community, which numbered 220 in 1766. Until the middle of the 19th century the Jews of Svisloch earned their livelihood mainly from trade in timber and grain, shopkeeping, and crafts; they later also engaged in innkeeping and the lease of public houses. After a great fire, in which most of the Jewish shops were destroyed, the fairs were no longer held in Svisloch and the Jews were deprived of their principal sources of livelihood. Around 1870 Jews began to pioneer in the tanning industry and improved methods of manufacture with the assistance of German experts whom they invited. By the end of the 19th century a number of tanneries had been established in Svisloch, which employed hundreds of workers. Many Jews from the surrounding areas went there in search of employment. As early as the middle of the 19th century Jewish craftsmen in Svisloch attempted to organize themselves into guilds. At the beginning of the 20th century the Bund Movement developed in Svisloch and it embraced the whole of the Jewish working populace (tanners, tailors, shoemakers, carpenters. smiths, and bakers), who organized strikes for the amelioration of working conditions in tanneries and factories. In 1905 the workers' organization was established for Jewish self-defense against pogroms.

Residences

In the 1891 census the family was listed as living at 88 Richmond Row, Liverpool, England and by the time they were naturalised in 1893 the family had moved to 93 Richmond Row. Both properties no longer exist

In 1901 the family are living at 30 Fairclough Road, Liverpool, England. The property no longer exists

In the 1921 census the family are living at 154 Grove Street, Liverpool, England. The property appears to no longer exist

This is Rehavia, a suburb of Jerusalem, in the 1930s. On what nowadays appears to be Menahem Ussishkin street, No 12 is the house of Rachel and Jacobs' son Isaac Morris and his wife and no 13 is the house of Jacob and Rachel Morris

In this picture the house where Jacob and Rachel lived is no 3 and where their son Isaac and his family lived is house no 1

Jacob and Rachel's grandson David Morris recounted in his autobiography that "In the late 1930s, my grandfather sold his house in Jerusalem and moved to Bat Yam. In 1938 he built a one-story house there with two apartments and with the possibility of building more floors. The house was on King George Street, after the War of Independence called Independence Boulevard". It is now called HaAtzmaut Boulevard

Nathan Dobrofsky (1873 - 1950)

Nathan Dobrofsky is the brother-in-law of Sarah Ann Levin, my 2x great aunt. Helfet family HERE. Dobrofsky family HERE

Parents: Nachum Benzion Dubrowski (1845 - 1902) and Rosa Tander (1844 - 1918)

Tombstones for his parents Nachum Benzion Dubrowski and Rosa Hinda Dubrofsky. Nachum is buried in the Rice Lane Cemetery, Liverpool, England and Rosa in the Mount Carmel Cemetery, Sioux City, Iowa, USA

Born: 14 March 1873 (as per his WW1 draft registration document) in Mena, Sosnitsa, Chernigov in the Russian Empire, nowadays Mina, Chernihiv, Ukraine. On his death certificate his date of birth is given as 14 March 1872

Siblings

• Sarah Dobrofsky (1869 - 1951) married Barnett Charles (Boruch) Shubb (1891 - 1918) before 1891
• Hyman Dobrofsky (1872 - 1916) married Sarah Nepomnickcha (1872 - 1948) before 1898
• Katherine (Kalia) Dobrofsky (1877 - 1963) married Charles (Hatskel) Shubb (1879 - 1920) in 1901
• Rachel (Broche) Dobrofsky (1882 - 1961) married Barnett Ginsburg (1882 - 1960) in 1903
• Jacob (Jake) Dobrofsky (1883 - 1967) married Esther Helfet (1886 - 1956) in 1904

Charles and Bennett Shubb were brothers and Esther and Mary Helfet were sisters

Occupation: Cap maker and later on a grocer

Nathan listed as a grocer in a 1920 Sioux City directory

Migration: Nathan came to Liverpool, England in March 1897 when he was 24 years old. Nathan and his wife Mary then migrated to Sioux City in Iowa, USA in February 1908

Mary, age 27, Nathan age 33 and a cap maker, and their children Jacob age 6, Benjamin age 4, Leon age 2 and Barnett age 10 months, sailed aboard the SS Lucania from Liverpool on 1 February 1908 bound for  Chicago. They arrived in New York on 8 February 1908

Married: Mary Helfet in Liverpool, England in (October - December) 1899 when Nathan was was 26 and Mary 20

Children

Their first child was born in 1901 when Nathan was 28 and Mary 22. Their last child was born in 1911 when Nathan was 38 and Mary 32

• Jacob Dobrofsky (1901 - ?)
• Benjamin Dobrofsky (1902 - 1992). He married Eva Orlikoff  (1911 - 2003) in 1937
• Leon Dobrofsky (1904 - 1981). He married Bertha Newman (1912 - 2008) in 1939
• Barnett Dobrofsky (1907 - 1946). He married Vivian (1915 - ?) in 1939
• Lillian Dobrofsky (1909 - 2003). She married Abraham Berkowitz (1902 - 1994) in 1934
• Philip Dobrofsky (1911 - 2003). He married Gloria Nemirow (1914 - 1979) in 1940

Census details

1901

The family is living at 23 Warren Street, Liverpool, England. Nathan is age 25 and a cap maker on his own account. Mary is age 23 and their son Jacob is age 5 months

1920

In 1920 the family are living at 1304 west 4th street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Nathan is age 47 and a grocery man, Mary is age 41. The children are Jake age 19, Bennie age 17, Leon age 15, Barnett age 13, Lillian age 10 and Philip age 8

1925

In 1925 the family are still living at 1304 west 4th street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Nathan is age 50 and listed as owning the house. Mary is age 45. The children are Leon age 20, Barnett age 18, Lillian age 15 and Philip age 13

1930

In 1930 the family are still living at 1304 west 4th street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Nathan is age 53 and listed as owning the house. Mary is age 49. The children are Leon age 25, Barnett age 23, Lillian age 20 and Philip age 18

1940

In 1940 the family are still living at 1304 west 4th street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Nathan is age 65 and listed as owning the house and Mary is age 58

1950

In 1950 Nathan is age 76 and living with his daughter Lillian and her husband Abe Berkowitz at 225 Cook Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA

World War I

World War 1 registration card for Nathan from 12 September 1918. He is listed as being short and of medium build with grey eyes and dark hair, going slightly bald

Biographical information

Nathan's brother, Jake Dobrofsky wrote a detailed autobiography entitled "THis is my Life", which is available HERE. Information on Nathan has been extracted from it.

Nathan was the oldest son and served nearly 4 years in the Russian army before working in the family dried fish business. Nathan, his father and sister Broche were the first members of the family to come to Liverpool, arriving in March 1897. He worked for his uncle David in a furniture manufacturing plant and became engaged to Mary in 1898 and they were married in 1899.

The family came to America in 1908 and settled in Sioux City, Iowa. Nathan went into the laundry business before becoming a driver and finally opening a grocery store

Death

27 November 1950 in Sioux City, Iowa from pneumonia. He was buried on 28 November 1950 in the Mount Carmel Cemetery in Sioux City in section B site 0116

Death certificate for Nathan

Tombstone for Nathan Dobrofsky

Place of Birth

Nathan was born in in Mena, Sosnitsa, Chernigov in the Russian Empire, nowadays Mina, Chernihiv, Ukraine

Mena is a historic town located in Chernihiv region of northern Ukraine, center of Mena district. Records from the early 19th century describe the general population in Mena at around 6,000 people. The Jewish population of this time is not mentioned but reference is made to the existence of a synagogue and another Jewish house of worship. Jews began to settle actively in Mena after the construction of the Liubavo-Romenska railway in 1873, which passed through Mena. The Liubavo-Romenska railway was one of the main routes for exporting grain from the Russian Empire. The Jews mostly lived on Shevchenko Street, which stretched from the centre of the town to the railway station.

According to the 1897 census, 6,277 people lived in Mena, more than a quarter of whom were Jews. The main activities of the Jewish population in the 19th and early 20th centuries were in trade and crafts. In 1902, the rabbi in Mena was Itshok- Isaac Lurvin (1865 -?) and in 1904-06, Shneur-Zalman Ginzburg (1876 -?).

Many Jews were involved in the purchase and resale of tobacco. Tobacco cultivation has been widespread since the 18th century, so Mena was called the capital of tobacco. This activity was pursued by small traders and merchants of the first guild, who had large warehouses in Mena. Jews would come from Mogilev, Shklov, and Gomel to buy tobacco. Before the Revolution of 1917, there were two synagogues in the town. 

Holocaust

At the war’s outbreak, many Jewish families found a way to evacuate to the east of the country. The main evacuation routes were railroads and water transport by the river Desna towards Bryansk. Those who remained in the city either had not been able to take a long journey or had been convinced of the “civilized” behavior of German soldiers. Many older adults remembered the Germans who occupied Mena in 1918 and did not want to evacuate. Also, for evacuation, money was needed, and most Jews in Mena were poor.

Nazi occupied Mena in September 8, 1941.

The German commandant’s office listed all the Jews and forced them to wear yellow circles on their clothing. After that, policemen and Germans began systematically abusing Jews, forcing them to work, beating and robbing them, and raping many Jewish women. Local non-Jews threw a gun clip into the house of a tailor named Shmerlin and reported to the Germans that he was hiding weapons. The Germans came to his home and shot the entire family.

On October 15, 1941, the Nazi units and local policemen shot 124 Jews (according to other sources, 31 Jews) at the local Jewish cemetery. The mass killing continued throughout November and December. From the night of November 30th to December 1st, 1941, the Germans began to go to Jewish homes and shoot everyone they found there. The Pergament family and many other families perished this way. Among the killed was Mones the Butcher, who was 104 years old. The local residents pointed out the Jewish homes. Part of the Jews were taken to the Jewish cemetery and shot there. There are two fraternal graves at the cemetery, one smaller and the other larger. The victims of the second, largest shooting are buried in the larger one.

On November 29, 1941 near railway bridge on the Desna River in Makoshino  50 local Jews were killed. On December 15, 1941 on the territory of the monastery in village Dominitsy of Menskiy district The Germans shot and killed 34 children from the local orphanage. Among the dead were five Jewish boys and girls. The last mass shooting that occurred in Mena was held February 2, 1942 in an open field near the road to the village, Kukuvichi.

Residences

By 1915 the family are living at 1304 West 4th Street, Sioux City, Iowa and lived there until the late 1940s. The property appears to no longer exist

In the 1950 census Nathan is listed as living with his daughter Lillian and her husband Abe Berkowitz at 225 Cook Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA

Sarah Riva Helfet (1873 - 1947)

Sarah Riva Helfet is the sister-in-law of Sarah Ann Levin, my 2x great aunt. Helfet family HERE. Her name was also spelt Sara. Her younger sister Sarah (1884 - 1939) had the same English first name. I can only assume that their Hebrew or Yiddish names were different and when they came to England they both took the same English first name

Parents: Jacob Helfet (1849 - 1899) and Leah Cohen (1852 - 1898)

Tombstones for her parents Jacob Helfet and Leah Cohen. They are both buried in the Rice Lane Cemetery, Liverpool, England

Born: 1873 in Chernuch, Russian Empire, nowadays Chornukhy (Ukrainian: Чорнýхи; Russian: Чернýхи), a rural settlement in Lubny Raion, Poltava Oblast, central Ukraine.

Hebrew name: Sara Riva daughter of Yaakov

Migration: The family came to Liverpool, England in 1892 when Sarah was 19 years old. She and her family then emigrated to the United States in around 1901 at around age 28. They settled first in Chicago, before living in Sioux City. A few years after her husband Lazar's death in 1932 she moved to Venice, Los Angeles

Married: Lazarus Goldsmith in Chernuch, Russian Empire in around 1891 when Lazarus was 21 and Sarah 19 

Children

Their first child was born in 1899 when Lazarus was 30 and Sarah 26. Their last child was born in 1905 when Lazarus was 36 and Sarah 32

• Jack Maxwell Goldsmith 1899 - 1982 (born Jacob)
• Lillian Goldsmith 1902 - 1970 (born Elizabeth)
• Solomon (Sol) Goldsmith 1904 - ? (after 1947) (born Charles)

Census details

1901

Sarah is age 28 and living at 22 Vale Road, Rhyl, Wales, with her 19 month old son Jacob. Her husband Lazarus is living with Sarah's sister Nellie and her family in Liverpool, England. I have no idea why Sarah at this time is living in Wales apart from her husband

1910

In the 1910 census the family are living in 9a Cook Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Lazarus is age 38 and a fruit peddler. Sarah is age 34 and the children are Jack age 10, Elizabeth (Lizzie) age 8 and Charles (Charlie) age 6. Living with them is a lodger, Emil Karas age 26 who is working in a retail grovery store

1915

Sarah's card in the 1915 census. She is living in Sioux City, Iowa

1920

In the 1920 census the family are now living in 1106 10th Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Lazarus is age 49 and the owner of a grocery store. Sarah is age 47 and the children are Jack age 19, Elizabeth age 18 and Solomon age 15

1925

In the 1925 census the family are now living at 2023 Grandview Boulevard, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Lazarus is age 52, Sarah is age 50 and the only child still living at home is Elizabeth age 22

1930

In the 1930 census the family are now living at 1003 Pierce Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. Lazarus is age 59, the manager of a grocery store and Sarah is age 56. Their surname is misspelled as Goldstein

1940

In the 1940 census Lazarus is deceased having died in  1932 and Sarah, now age 67, has living with her daughter Lillian Mushkin, age 37 and a lingerie saleslady. With them are Lillian's two children, Marilyn age 11 and Burton age 9. They are now living at 15 Paloma Avenue, Venice, Los Angeles, California, USA. In 1935 they were still living at Sioux City. Lillian's husband Arthur is lodging at 3042 Livonia Street in Los Angeles. They were still together in the 1950 census so I am not sure why they were living apart at this time

Death

10 June 1947 age 75 in Venice, Los Angeles, California. She is buried on 11 June 1947 in the Home of Peace Memorial Park, East Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, United States of America

Death certificate for Sarah Goldsmith who died on 10 June 1947. She is listed as living at 15 Paloma Avenue, Venice, Los Angeles, California. She died of heart disease

Tombstone inscription: Mother. Sarah R Goldsmith June 10, 1947

Hebrew translation: Sarah Riva daughter of Jacob. Died 22 Sivan 5707 (Jun 10, 1947)

Place of Birth

Sarah Riva Helfet was born in Chernuch, Russian Empire, nowadays Chornukhy (Ukrainian: Чорнýхи; Russian: Чернýхи), Chernich (Yiddish) and Chernuchi (German), a rural settlement in Lubny Raion, Poltava Oblast, central Ukraine.

Chornukhy

The earliest known Jewish community was by the end of the 18th century. In 1900 the Jewish population was 275 and in 1926 it was 366. Chornukhy was occupied by the Germans on September 17, 1941. During that month 132 Jews were shot by local police in the Chornukhy County park. The village was liberated by the Red Army on September 17, 1943. The present town population is 1,000-5,000 with fewer than 10 Jews.

Poltava Region
Jews began to settle in the region during the early 17th century in the process of Jewish participation in the colonization of Ukraine. By 1610 there was a Jewish community in Berezan (to the north of Pereyaslav), and within a few decades about a dozen Jewish communities were established in the districts of *Pereyaslav and Mirgorod, of which the largest were in Pereyaslav and *Lubny. Jews engaged in commerce and the leasing of estates, flour mills, liquor distilleries, breweries, and inns. There was strong competition from Christian towns-men, and during the *Chmielnicki massacres of 1648 these communities were among the first to be destroyed. After the region came under Russian rule Jews were not permitted to live there until the first partition of Poland in 1772. Individual Jewish families, however, settled in various estates under the protection of their owners despite frequent expulsions by the authorities.

After the first partition of Poland in 1772, Jewish settlement on the eastern bank of the river Dnieper was renewed, and by 1792 there were over 700 Jews in the region, most of whom lived on estates or in villages. In 1794 this region, which then formed part of the province of Yekaterinoslav, was incorporated within the *Pale of Settlement. In 1803 there were 82 Jewish merchants and 2,030 Jews classed as townsmen living in the province of Poltava, which was formed in 1802. The community of *Kremenchug was the largest in the district, and developed in particular owing to its position on the Dnieper, the main waterway from Lithuania to the south. It accounted in 1897 for 30% of the Jews in the province. In 1847, 15,572 Jews were counted in the 18 communities of the province (which also included the Jews in the small settlements and their environs). Their numbers increased as a result of a large emigration from Lithuania and Belorussia, and were estimated at 84,000 in 1881. The census of 1897 recorded 111,417 Jews (4% of the total population) in Poltava province (the lowest percentage of Jews in all the provinces of the Pale). The Russian-Ukrainian majority had a strong assimilationist influence on the Jews in the province, who were a minority in all the towns; it was only in Kremenchug that their numbers approached half the population. On the other hand, *Chabad Ḥasidism, which penetrated from the north, was an important spiritual influence (the tomb of *Shneur Zalman of Lyady, the founder of Chabad Ḥasidism, is in *Gadyach in Poltava province).

About one half of the Jews of the province of Poltava earned their livelihood from commerce (in contrast to 38.5% in the whole of Russia), and about 30 percent were engaged in crafts and industry. Commerce was principally conducted in grain and other agricultural produce. Although some Jews owned saw mills, brick-kilns, flour mills, alcohol distilleries, and other enterprises, the overwhelming majority of the workers in them were non-Jews. During the spring of 1881 pogroms occurred in the north of the province of Poltava. In 1905 a wave of pogroms swept across 52 settlements of the province. The most severely affected were Gadyach, Kremenchug, Romny, and Zolotonosha.

During World War I thousands of refugees and Jews expelled from the battle zone arrived in the province of Poltava and found refuge in the Jewish communities. During the Civil War, the communities of the western section of the province suffered especially from pogroms by bands of Ukrainians and the "volunteer army" of A.I. *Denikin. In 1926 there were approximately 93,000 Jews in the five districts (Kremenchug, Lubny, Poltava, Priluki, Romny) of the former territory of the province of Poltava.

Residence

In 1901 Sarah and her infant son Jacob are living at 22 Vale Road, Rhyl, Wales

In 1910 the family are living at 9a Cook Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA. The property no longer exists

In 1920 the family are living at 1106 10th Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA

In 1925 the family are living at 2023 Grandview Boulevard, Sioux City, Iowa, USA

In 1930 the family are living at 1003 Pierce Street, Sioux City, Iowa, USA

In 1940 Sarah is living at 15 Paloma Avenue, Venice, Los Angeles, California, USA. Living with her is her daughter Lillian and her two children